What violation occurred when Paula Munson added a stock with no dividends to her income-oriented portfolio?

The correct answer is that Paula Munson violated the portfolio's style mandate by adding a stock with no dividends to her income-oriented portfolio. An income-oriented portfolio is typically designed to generate regular income for the investor, primarily through dividends or interest payments. By introducing a stock that does not pay dividends, Paula deviated from the fundamental objective of her portfolio, which is to seek income generation. The essence of maintaining a style mandate is to adhere to specific investment strategies or philosophies, and in this case, the addition of a non-dividend-paying stock contradicts the core purpose of an income-oriented approach.

This type of violation can lead to performance discrepancies and may not align with the investor’s goals, especially in an income-focused strategy. It is crucial for investors and portfolio managers to consistently follow the established style mandate to ensure that the portfolio remains aligned with its intended objectives.